Drums
Image by paulbr75.
The Drums
"Most drums are membranophones composed of a skin or skins (or plastic material) stretched over a frame or body-shell of wood, metal, earthenware or bone. Drums are sounded in two ways: percussion, where they are struck with the bare hands or with beaters, or shaken as in the case of rattle drums in India and Tibet; and friction, where the membrane, or a stick or cord in contact with it, is rubbed or the drum is whirled on a cord."
"Pitch is controlled by the diameter and tension of the drum-head. Volume and resonance depend on the amount of air inside the shell. The sound produced by drums is short; thus, any continuous sound can be produced only by rapid repetition."
Quote source: "Drums" in the Oxford Dictionary of Music, Oxford Press [online]. Accessed 04/13/2017.
- Oxford Music OnlineA gateway to Oxford's music reference publications, offering users the ability to search Grove Music Online together with The Oxford Companion to Music and the Oxford Dictionary of Music, a total collection of more than 70,000 articles on music written and reviewed by subject experts and suitable for musical amateurs, professionals, and scholars alike. Please note: Database restricted to five simultaneous users
Cindy Blackman Santana
African American Women Drummers
- Alma J. Hightower (1888-1970)Source: Making Music in Los Angeles: transforming the popular by Catherine Parsons Smith.
- Bernadine WarrenSource: Madame Jazz: contemporary women instrumentalists by Leslie Gourse.
- Dez ThompsonSource: Billboard, 01/09/1943, p. 26.
- Elayne Jones (1928-2022)Source: Notable Black American Women, Book 2, edited by Jessie Carney Smith. Pub. Gale Research, 1996.
- Henrietta FontaineSource: Swing Shift: "All Girl" Bands of the 1940s by By Sherrie Tucker, 2001.
- Jennie ByrdPlayed the drums with the Harlem Play Girls. Source: Albert White, "Harlem Play Girls thrilling southwest," The Pittsburgh Courier, 03/21/1936, p.16.
- Jessie Mae HemphillSource: Notable Black American Women, Book 2, edited by Jessie Carney Smith. Pub. Gale Research, 1996.
- Marian PankeySource: Women Drummers: a history from rock and jazz to blues and country by Angela Smith.
- Mattie WatsonSource: Swing Shift: "All Girl" Bands of the 1940s by By Sherrie Tucker, 2001.
- Rae ScottSource: Women Drummers: a history from rock and jazz to blues and country by Angela Smith.
African American Women Drummers
- Bernadine WarrenSource: The Willene Barton Story by Dan Kochakian
- Hattie SmithSherrie Tucker, "Nobody's Sweethearts: Gender, Race, Jazz, and the Darlings of Rhythm" American Music, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Autumn, 1998), pp. 255-288.
- Jerrie BirdPlayed the drums with the Harlem Play Girls. Source: Albert White, "Harlem Play Girls thrilling southwest," The Pittsburgh Courier, 03/21/1936, p.16.
- Kali MaliSource: The Willene Barton Story by Dan Kochakian
Online Sources
Books
Women drummers : a history from rock and jazz to blues and country by Call Number: ML385 .S592 2014Publication Date: 2014
The drum : concepts of time and no time from African, Latin American, and African-American origins by Publication Date: 1983Dissertation: M.A.; Wesleyan University; 1983. Request via Interlibrary Loan.Mandiani drum and dance : Djimbe performance and Black aesthetics from Africa to the New World by
Publication Date: 1995Request via Interlibrary Loan
